Reproxalap is a reactive aldehyde species (RASP) inhibitor believed to mitigate inflammatory conditions such as dry eye disease (DED), allergic conjunctivitis and uveitis.1 RASP are pro-inflammatory molecules that covalently bind to thiol and amino groups expressed on various receptors and kinases. This binding activates the pro-inflammatory signalling cascade, which involves the activation of inflammatory cytokines leading to inflammation and pro–histaminic factors leading to an allergic response.1 Malondialdehyde (MDA) […]

Corticosteroids are the best choice for treating various ocular conditions affecting the anterior and posterior segments of the eye.1 Currently, different routes are available for ocular administration of corticosteroids. Topical application to the eye is the route of choice when targeting diseases affecting the ocular surface and anterior segment, whereas posterior segment conditions may require periocular, […]

Welcome to the winter edition of touchREVIEWS in Ophthalmology, which features relevant topics from across the specialty. This edition contains a wide range of articles evaluating current practice and research, as well as innovations that directly affect ophthalmologists. The surgical correction of astigmatism is challenging. In an editorial, Alpins and Stamatelatos describe the vector planning approach, […]

Biologics have redefined the outcomes of retinal pathologies by targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway. Anti-VEGF therapy has prevented millions of people from going blind due to retinal vascular pathologies.1 Apart from preventing morbidity, it has a widespread financial benefit for patients, and the benefits seem to be huge compared with the cost […]

Excess corneal astigmatism can cause visual aberrations, resulting in symptoms of glare, starbursts and halos. Astigmatism has long been difficult to correct with refractive laser surgery. The challenge has been to maximally reduce both corneal and refractive astigmatism while ensuring that any remaining corneal astigmatism is regular, symmetrical and orthogonal, with a typical ‘bow-tie’ topography.1 However, […]

Presbyopia is a progressive, age-related condition that reduces the eye’s ability to focus on near objects, due to gradual lens thickening and decline in its elasticity and accommodative capacity, and represents the first stage of the dysfunctional lens syndrome.1–3 Presbyopia typically affects individuals aged >40 years and is highly prevalent, affecting nearly 2 billion people worldwide […]

Acanthamoeba is an opportunistic, unicellular, free-living protist with at least 25 species and 23 genotypes so far identified (on 18S rRNA sequencing).1 Organisms have a two-stage life cycle: metabolically active trophozoites and quiescent double-walled cysts. Both trophozoites and cysts are small, usually 15–50 µm in length for trophozoites and 5–30 µm for cysts.2 Exposure to stress results in […]

The subspecialty of the retina has been transformed by anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) medications over the last two decades.1 These include bevacizumab (Avastin®, Genetech, San Francisco, CA, USA), ranibizumab (Lucentis®, Genentech, San Francisco, CA, USA), aflibercept (Eylea®, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, USA), brolicizumab (Beovu®, Novartis, Basel, Switzerland) and faricimab (Vabsymo™, Genentech, San Francisco, CA, USA), […]

We have all heard the old adage ‘try it before you buy it’ in reference to big purchases or life decisions. Current USA housing market crisis aside, it has always been common practice to first walk through a house before buying it and, while it would be unusual to request a night to sleep in […]