Mydriasis physiology Mydriasis refers to physiologic or pharmacologic pupillary dilation. Physiologic pupillary dilation occurs naturally as a response to low light and viewing objects in the distance. This process is mediated by both the iris sphincter and the iris dilator muscles, the latter of which contracts in response to sympathetic stimulation and relaxes in response to […]

Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial condition of the ocular surface and tears. It is frequently encountered in ocular practices, comprising nearly 33% of visits in the USA, and with an estimated global prevalence ranging between 5% and 50%.1,2 The chronic symptoms and discomfort reported by patients with DED directly impact their quality of life […]

Article highlights Artificial intelligence (AI) represents a powerful way of analysing a large amount of data, extracting those features characterizing a given disease or condition. AI-based models have been largely tested in the main retinopathies, including age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy and myopia. AI algorithms have been highly effective in screening for retinopathies. The same […]

Welcome to the latest edition of touchREVIEWS in Ophthalmology. In this edition, we feature a range of reviews and editorials on various diseases, including glaucoma and ocular surface disease, to name but a few, discussing improvements in our understanding and novel treatment options for ophthalmological conditions. We begin this issue with an expert interview with […]

The treatment options for neurotrophic keratitis (NK) are ever-evolving as the pathogenesis of this increasingly prevalent degenerative keratopathy is further elucidated. Currently available therapeutics can be divided into medical, procedural and surgical interventions that directly address the effects of corneal denervation as well as the comorbid conditions causing superimposed infection and inflammation in the affected […]

The challenge of patient adherence Patient adherence is a major concern in the field of glaucoma, where medication adherence rates can be as low as 40–55% due to complex dosing regimens, unpleasant side effects and difficulty with eyedrop administration.1,2 Moreover, 25% of patients with glaucoma do not refill their second eyedrop prescription, making it challenging for […]

Choroidal granuloma is a relatively rare manifestation of sarcoidosis. Cases of sarcoid granuloma may lack accompanying ocular inflammation and can mimic posterior segment tumours, leading to a delay in diagnosis and treatment. These lesions are typically steroid responsive,1 and quick identification and treatment can result in improved visual outcomes.2 We report two cases of patients who presented […]

Glaucoma is a major cause of irreversible blindness worldwide.1,2 High intraocular pressure (IOP) is one of the major risk factors for the development and progression of open-angle glaucoma (OAG) but is not an essential criterion for diagnosis.3,4 Nonetheless, lowering the IOP is considered the only proven intervention to decelerate disease progression.3–5 IOP can be reduced using topical hypotensive […]

With the introduction of monoclonal antibody inhibitors for all isoforms of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, which were first presented in September 2005 with off-label use of bevacizumab, significant anatomical and visual improvements for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) became a reality. Following the landmark ANCHOR and MARINA trials, which showed that monthly ranibizumab injections resulted in 7.2–11.0 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) letters gained after 1 year of treatment, anti-VEGF agents became the standard of care for nAMD.1,2 The […]