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Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive eye condition that affects millions of people worldwide and poses a significant threat to vision in individuals over the age of 50.1 Of the two types of AMD, wet AMD, which is characterized by the growth of a choroidal neovascular membrane, is responsible for approximately 90% of the vision […]

Mydriasis physiology Mydriasis refers to physiologic or pharmacologic pupillary dilation. Physiologic pupillary dilation occurs naturally as a response to low light and viewing objects in the distance. This process is mediated by both the iris sphincter and the iris dilator muscles, the latter of which contracts in response to sympathetic stimulation and relaxes in response to […]

The treatment options for neurotrophic keratitis (NK) are ever-evolving as the pathogenesis of this increasingly prevalent degenerative keratopathy is further elucidated. Currently available therapeutics can be divided into medical, procedural and surgical interventions that directly address the effects of corneal denervation as well as the comorbid conditions causing superimposed infection and inflammation in the affected […]

Biologics have redefined the outcomes of retinal pathologies by targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway. Anti-VEGF therapy has prevented millions of people from going blind due to retinal vascular pathologies.1 Apart from preventing morbidity, it has a widespread financial benefit for patients, and the benefits seem to be huge compared with the cost […]

A biosimilar is a biologic medical product that is an almost identical copy of an original product manufactured by a different company.1 Biosimilars are officially approved versions of original “innovator” products and can only be manufactured in a well-equipped research and development facility when the original product’s patent expires.1 A biosimilar must demonstrate no clinically meaningful differences […]

Dominique Bremond-Gignac, MD, PhD, FEBO, is Professor of Ophthalmology and Head of the Department of Ophthalmology with a paediatric and ocular surface subspecialty at the University Hospital Necker–Enfants Malades and University of Paris in Paris, France. She graduated in pharmacology and statistics (MSc) and completed her PhD thesis in anatomy. Her activity is distributed across […]

Glaucoma is a visually debilitating disease that is estimated to affect more than 60.5 million people worldwide, rising to 79.6 million by 2020.1 Most treatment strategies for glaucoma involve lowering intraocular pressure (IOP), some by increasing the outflow of aqueous from the eye. While medical therapy is the first strategy used in treatment, surgical intervention […]

The introduction of anti-angiogenic agents has revolutionized the treatment of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-mediated ocular disease. The first anti-angiogenic agent to be approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), bevacizumab, was originally developed to inhibit tumorigenesis. It has found widespread application in the treatment of ophthalmic disease, the pathophysiology of which involves […]