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Thyroid eye disease (TED) is an autoimmune condition that can lead to significant visual impairment, facial disfigurement and decreased quality of life. It affects 16 out of every 100,000 females and 2.9 out of every 100,000 males. Risk factors for TED include age, female gender, smoking and radioactive iodine therapy.1 TED typically begins with a progressive […]

It was a pleasure to catch up with Dr Raymond Douglas (Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA), who talked us through the latest updates in thyroid eye disease and the reasons it is so often misdiagnosed. Questions:     Could you give us a brief overview of the relationship between hyperthyroidism and thyroid eye […]

An abnormal protrusion of the eyeball, beyond the boundaries of the bony orbit, is termed ‘proptosis’. A similar appearance, seen in endocrine dysfunction, especially thyroid disorders, is called ‘exophthalmos’. These conditions are frequently encountered in clinical practice, and for students, residents and trainees, the situation may prove rather challenging. This primer presents a concise blueprint […]

Oculoplastic surgeons are often faced with the diagnostic dilemma of abnormal tissues within the orbit and adnexal structures. In many cases, the associated signs, symptoms and radiological appearances allow a tentative differential diagnosis to be formulated. However, most often, diagnostic dilemma prevails, leading to frequent surgical intervention in the form of tissue biopsy for diagnostic, […]