Glaucoma causes an optic neuropathy and is one of the leading causes of blindness globally.1 Pathologically, patients with glaucoma typically develop irreversible characteristic field defects due to loss of retinal ganglion cells and subsequent characteristic optic nerve-head damage. The main ...

Proparacaine is a topical anesthetic widely used in ophthalmic practice. Proparacaine is well tolerated with limited duration of use, but has potential to become a drug of abuse.1 Extended use has numerous corneal sequelae including stromal infiltrates, corneal melt, and ...

Recently, new surgical modalities for management of primary angle-closure disease (PACD) have been proposed; the most controversial of which being clear lens extraction (CLE). The Effectiveness in Angle-closure Glaucoma of Lens Extraction (EAGLE) and other studies recommend CLE as the ...

The term amblyopia, derived from the Greek words α’µβλυ’ς (weak) and ω˛″ψ (eye), is defined as a unilateral (or, less commonly, bilateral) reduction of visual acuity as a result of inadequate visual experience during early life, which leads to a disruption of ...

Cataract is the leading cause of blindness worldwide and accounts for half of all visual impairment in the USA.1 Contributing risk factors are older age, smoking, alcohol use, sunlight exposure, and diabetes.1 Cataract affects more than 24 million Americans; that number ...

Optical lens filtration therapy began with FL-41 lenses that were developed in the late 1980s and first reported in 1991 by Wilkins and Wilkinson.1 They were originally designed to improve workplace productivity by reducing eye strain and headaches induced by fluorescent ...

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a technique involving the use of a photosensitizing agent that, when activated by light of a specific wavelength, causes localized and selective tissue damage.1,2 Initially developed to treat tumor cells using tumor-localizing photosensitizing agents (e.g., ...

As the number of cataract surgeries performed annually continues to rise, the expectations of patients grow and become more challenging.1 Many patients expect excellent visual results and perfect vision without spectacles all distances - far, intermediary and near. Recent advances ...

Dry eye disease (DED) is a common ocular condition with a high impact on visual function and quality of life.1 However, DED is one of the most misdiagnosed diseases because of a delay in symptoms and clinical signs, and the ...