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Retinal pharmacotherapy encompasses various drug delivery routes that offer potential avenues for effective treatment (Figure 1). Among these, intravitreal injections have emerged as the predominant method employed in clinical practice.1 They have established themselves as the primary approach for administering anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy, serving as the frontline treatment for neovascular age-related macular degeneration […]

Delivery of bevacizumab via anterior segment route in pseudophakic eyes is a safe and effective method for treatment of ARMD degeneration and DME that minimizes the possibility of injury to the retina or sclera.

Retinal vein occlusions (RVO) affect over 16 million people worldwide, with 2.5 million affected by central retinal vein occlusions (CRVO) and 13.9 million affected by branch retinal vein occlusions (BRVO).1 RVO are still the second leading retinal vasculopathy after diabetic retinopathy and the fifth leading cause of monocular blindness.2 Up to 15 % of patients […]

In 2006, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Genentech’s ranibizumab (Lucentis®), a Fab fragment of a humanized monoclonal antivascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A designed for intraocular use for the treatment of exudative age-related macular degeneration (ARMD). Since 2006, ranibizumab and its parent monoclonal antibody bevacizumab have been extensively used to treat exudative ARMD. […]

Diabetic macular oedema (DMO) is an increasingly common visionthreatening disease that results from retinal vascular dysfunction and low-grade inflammation, developing into diabetic retinopathy (DR) and then to DMO over 10 or more years following the onset of diabetes.1 Areas of retinal tissue lose capillary vasculature and become ischaemic, stimulating secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor […]

Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is a common retinal vascular disease second only to diabetic retinopathy, affecting the elderly population.1 Blockage of the retinal venous circulation has the potential to cause significant loss of vision. The introduction of newly approved anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents such as ranibizumab (Lucentis; Novartis, Switzerland) and aflibercept (Eylea; Bayer, […]

There are two types of retinal vein occlusion (RVO): central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO), in which there is obstruction of the main outflow vessel of the eye, and branch RVO (BRVO), in which a major branch of the central retinal vein is obstructed. RVO is the second mostcommon retinal vascular disease after diabetic retinopathy. There […]

Intraocular inflammation and related complications are important causes of vision loss in posterior segment disease. Inflammatory processes contribute to blood–retinal barrier breakdown, vascular leakage, and the development of vision-threatening macular edema (ME) in retinal vein occlusion (RVO), uveitis, diabetic retinopathy, and Irvine–Gass syndrome.1 Inflammation also has a key role in the development of neovascularization that […]

Cataract surgery is the most commonly performed surgery in the US today, with an estimated 1.8 million procedures completed annually.1 Historically, post-operative medication regimens following cataract surgery have included an antibiotic drop and a topical steroid to control inflammation. Steroids, however, are associated with certain side effects including delayed wound healing, susceptibility to infection, and […]